How to make my word 2007 read only or locked

In order to make your document read only you will need to customize your word:

1.  Go to the  "Office" button (top left office logo)
2.  Choose "Word Options" (buttom right of the menu)
3.  Goto "Customize"
4.  Then at the top TAB choose ALL COMMANDS
5.  Look for "Protect Document" command and add it to the menu
6.  Now, do back to the document where the  "Office" button is and you'll see a green dot - click it
7.  Choose "Read only" and save the doc (You may choose to put a password)

List of key players in Renewable Energy Technologies in Kenya

 (a) Institutions dealing with Policy and Enabling Environment. 

• Ø  Ministry of Energy (MoE) & Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)
• Ø  Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), including Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)
• Ø  Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MoLFD)
• Ø  Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MoENR), including Kenya Forestry
• Ø  Research Institute (KEFRI) and National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
• Ø  Kenya Renewable Energy Association (KEREA)
• Ø  GTZ Private Sector Development in Agriculture Programme which works in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture
• Ø  Africa Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN) 

 (b) Commercial Providers

• Ø  Pioneer technologies Ltd
• Ø Renewable Energy Engineering Contractors (REECON)
• Ø  PEMAGI
• Ø  Renewable Energy Ventures
• Ø  Sky Link Innovators
• Ø  Kenya Hubei Enterprises Development Co. Ltd.
• Ø  M-Power (Mobile Power)
• Ø  Danga Renewable Energy (Nakuru)
• Ø  ECOSAVE Ltd.
• Ø  Damwe Energy Enterprises
• Ø  PANCOM Construction Company
• Ø  Kenital Solar

(c) Supporting Organisations

• Ø  Non Governmental Organisations such as Sustainable Community Development
• Ø  Services Programme (SCODE); Sustainable Agricultural Community Development Programme (SACDEP)
• Ø  Practical Action Consulting (formerly Intermediate Technology Development Group / ITDG)
• Ø  American Breeding Society
• Ø   SNV-Kenya (Netherlands Development Organisation)
• Ø  German Agency for International Development (GIZ)
• Ø  GIZ-PSDA
• Ø  GVEP International (Global Village Energy Partnership)
• Ø  ABC-K (Association of Biogas Contractors of Kenya)
• Ø  Africa Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN) 
• Ø  KENFAP (Kenya National Federation of Agriculture Producers)

(d) Institutions offering Financial Services  

• Ø  Kenya Women Finance Trust (KWFT)
• Ø  Faulu Kenya
• Ø  Family Finance Bank
• Ø  K-Rep Bank (Kenya Rural Enterprises Programme)
• Ø  Agricultural Finance Corporation (AFC)
• Ø  KUSCCO as the umbrella for all Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisations (SACCOs):  
• Ø  Commercial Banks (Equity, Kenya Commercial Bank, Barclays Bank, Cooperative Bank, Post Bank)
• Ø  HIVOS (Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries)

Blue Energy: A potential source of renewable energy

What is Blue Energy?
Most of you movie lovers must come across this terminology in one way or another as it is featured in fiction movies or alien world...but its true! There is Blue Energy....simple, this is what do you get when saltwater and fresh water meet? A clean, renewable source of power called blue energy. Blue energy, sometimes called ocean energy, is a term for the method of generating electricity through the convergence of both fresh and salt water. This energy can be extracted through a variety of means, including tidal power, current power,wave power,thermal energy conversion, and osmosis (consider osmotic energy, hah!). Power may also be collected by harnessing the wind power associated with the body of water — usually the ocean.

Blue energy extracted by osmosis, also called salient gradient power, employs a large artificial semi-permeable membrane to create reverse electrodialysis from natural marine resources. The energy that results can be used to generate electricity. The only byproduct of blue energy is brackish water. Brackish water is simply a combination of fresh and salt water which naturally occurs in an estuary.Blue energy is only useful in certain geographical areas. The only way to create blue energy other than in a laboratory is at an estuary, where fresh water river currents and the saline tides of the ocean meet at the river’s mouth. Though the technology of blue energy has been understood for quite sometime, manufacturing the membranes was far too expensive to become a practical energy alternative. Recently, more economical membranes have been developed which will allow blue energy technology to begin being implemented in suitable environments. Currently blue energy is being used successfully in the Netherlands.

Difference Between Dual Core and Core 2 Duo

Core Duo 2 offers 3 different advantages over regular Core duo. For one Core duo is 32 bit and Core duo 2 is 64 bit. Core duo 2 CPU's are 20% faster per clock. They also have more cache 4MB's vs 2MB's.
Dual core processors are those that contain 2 cores in a single silicon chip while Core 2 Duo is the name given by Intel to its second batch of dual core processors.

The processor wars have hit a major speed bump as clock speeds become harder and harder to push upwards. Because the number of transistors in a single chip continues to follow its upward trend, processor manufacturers like Intel and AMD have decided to go a different route in increasing the performance of their products, adding more cores into a single chip that leads to a performance boost if the OS supports it. Two or more cores can greatly aid in multi-tasking where each core can work independently of each other. All processors that have 2 cores in them are collectively called as dual core processors regardless of which manufacturer it came from, while those that have 4 processors in a single chip are called quad core.

Initially, Intel called their dual core processors as Core Duo, a very obvious reference to two cores, while AMD called theirs the X2. Intel’s dual core processors were simply 2 Pentium 3 processors that were fabricated in a single chip. As they refined their product more, they decided to differentiate their second set of processors from the Core Duo and decided to call it Core 2 Duo.

Basically, the difference between dual core processors and the Core 2 Duo processors is just in the semantics as Core 2 Duo is simply a name given to a more recent family of dual core processors. If we translate this to the single core processors, we can say that Core Duo is Pentium 1 while Core 2 Duo is Pentium 2, while AMD has their own processors with different names; but all these are still single core processors. We can therefore say that Core 2 Duo is simply a subset of all the dual core processors that are out in the market today.

Summary:
1. Dual core is the generic name given to processors that have 2 cores on the same chip
2. Core 2 Duo is the second line of dual core processors from Intel
3. Other dual core processors aside from Core 2 Duo are the Core Duo from Intel and the X2 series from AMD
4. All Core 2 Duo processors are dual core but not all dual core processors are Core 2 Duo

Difference between Duo Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7...

Lets first understand some few terminologies used. CPU: The Processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) component of your PC that carries out instructions given to it by your Operating System (Windows.) Think of the processor as a brain that receives instructions and messages (i.e. “HOT HOT HOT Burning!!!”) and sends out instructions to other hardware (i.e. “Arm: lift hand” or “mouth: open; vocal chords: scream”.)

What is a Core?

A standard processor has one core (single-core.) Single core processors only process one instruction at a time (although they do use pipelines internally, which allow several instructions to be processed together; however, they are still run one at a time.)

What is a Multi-Core Processor?

A multi-core processor is composed of two or more independent cores, each capable of processing individual instructions. A dual-core processor contains two cores, a quad-core processor contains four cores, and a hexa-core processor contains six cores.

Why do I Need Multiple Cores?

Multiple cores can be used to run two programs side by side and when an intensive program is running (AV Scan, Video conversion, CD ripping etc.) you can utilize another core to run your browser to check your email etc.

Multiple cores really shine when you’re using a program that can utilize more than one core (called Parallelization) to improve the program’s efficiency. Programs such as graphic software, games etc. can run multiple instructions at the same time and deliver faster, smoother results.

So if you use CPU-intensive software, multiple cores will likely provide a better experience when using your PC. If you use your PC to check emails and watch the occasional video, you really don’t need a multi-core processor.

How many cores do i3, i5, and i7′s have?

• A Dual-core processor has two cores.
• A Quad-core processor has four cores.
• An i3 processor has 2 cores.
• An i5 processor has 2 or 4 cores (depending on the model you have.)
• An i7 processor has 2, 4 or 6 cores (depending on the model you have.)

How Do Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Quad Compare with Core i3, i5, and i7?

If you’re looking for a good value PC especially in the Kenyan Market and have decided on a Core 2 Duo, Core i3, or Core i5 (all best in value for casual computer use), please read on:

Core 2 Duo processors run two threads; i3′s and i5′s run four threads. Core 2 Duo processors are socket 775 (45/65nm); Core i3 and i5 processors are socket 1156 (nm) but only work with DDR3 RAM (Some Core 2 Duo’s work with both DDR2 and DDR3.)

For desktops, I’d stay clear of core 2 duos; for laptops, it all depends on your usage. As laptops aren’t as easy to upgrade, buying dated technology might burn you in the future when you find your Core 2 Duo PC’s motherboard only supports 4GB RAM–for example.

i5′s come with “turbo boost”; however, i3′s overclock very well if that’s your thing. That’s where I’d put my money if you’re considering Core 2 Duo, i3, and i5: the i3 provides the best value for most casual PC users.

While I focused on i3, i5, and Core 2 Duo to answer a reader’s question, the principles apply when comparing i5, i7, and Core 2 Quad. I’d go for the i5 unless you are willing to pay a premium for a little more performance.

What Does the “i” Stand for in i3, i5, and i7?

The “i” is just branding that help in marketing but I don't think they have a special meaning.

Do I need a Dual/Quad core or an i3/i5/i7?

The reason you’re reading this guide is to find out which type of processor you need. I want to give a simple answer and, if you have more to add, please let us know in the comments. As with all computer hardware, the type of processor you need depends on your needs, for how long you want your computer to stay current, and your budget.

Here’s a very simple breakdown of what you should look to buy depending on your computing needs. All suggestions assume you are buying a pre-built PC (so you don’t have to worry about motherboard and RAM specs and so you don’t have to worry about upgrade compatibility.)

If you:

• Browse the internet, check email, and play the occasional flash game (like Farmville): Get asingle core netbook or desktop (and don’t spend more than $300 USD — Updated 12/01/21.)
• Do your word processing, spreadsheets etc. on your PC, listen to music often, and watch movies, get a dual core or i3.
• Play the occasional game and are happy with lower resolution and lower quality graphics (my suggestion assumes the graphics processor on the pre-built PC will be well-matched for the processor suggestions), watch HD movies etc., get a dual core or i5.
• If you do graphic publishing, music creation, programming (and compilation), watch HD movies, and like to play visually appealing games, get a Quad core, i5, or i7.
• If you like to have the very best hardware and play the most graphically intense games especially for the EA lovers, get an i7 Extreme.

Electric Powered Cars - Renewable Energy (PV System)

WHY SHOULD CARS BURN GASOLINE? WAKE UP KENYA!

The Tesla Roadster isn't just fun to drive - it provides exhilarating electric miles with technology more efficient than any other sports car. An engine dependent on combustion will never attain the efficiency of the Tesla electric powertrain. The driving efficiency of a Roadster is 88% compared to 20-25% for traditional gas-powered cars. The experience of beating an equivalent gas-guzzling sports car off the line is exhilarating - and using less energy to do it makes the Tesla grin that much bigger. While hybrid (including plug-in hybrids with "range extenders") technologies increase the efficiency of internal combustion, they are still less efficient than an electric vehicle like the Tesla Roadster.

Tesla vehicles are the only cars that get more efficient from the moment they're first driven. The Roadster charges with electricity from the grid - whether the grid is dominated by natural gas or coal, or increasingly by solar and wind energy. And as the grid shifts to increasingly efficient technologies, Tesla vehicles reap the efficiency benefits. The opposite is true of a gasoline-burning car, which gets less and less efficient as it ages. Plus, a Tesla can be charged with electricity created from 100% renewable energy - no other sports car can say the same.

For all the energy required to propel a vehicle, not all of it makes it to the wheels. Some of it is lost to friction and heat. Vehicle inefficiency can be classified into two categories of losses: road-load and energy conversion. At Tesla, careful attention is given to both to achieve the maximum range. The Tesla Roadster leverages both an incredible electric powertrain and an engineer’s obsession with efficiency to be the most efficient production sports car on the market today.

ROAD-LOAD

All vehicle types, regardless of what powertrain they use, need to overcome road-load. It includes wind resistance, mechanical friction (bearings, hubs, driveshaft, etc.), and tire rolling resistance. Road-load affects all vehicles.  As a car speeds up, wind resistance increases; there is more air for the car to “push” out of the way. Therefore, road-load is greater at higher speeds and is dependent on the aerodynamics of the vehicle. Tesla engineers are focused on decreasing aerodynamic losses while achieving beautiful styling. Road-load can be minimized by designing brakes, bearings and other rotating components with less friction. It is also important to use tires that have low rolling resistance and make the vehicle as light as possible. Energy saved by decreasing road-load can have a significantly positive impact on range. The Model S will be one of the most aerodynamic sedans ever built with all components tuned to minimize friction and achieve the highest possible range.

ENERGY CONVERSION LOSSES

Two theoretical cars with identical road-load could have very different overall efficiency based on how effectively they convert energy before it turns to the wheels. Electric vehicles have the lowest overall energy conversion losses.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE EFFICIENCY

In an electric vehicle, chemical energy is stored in a battery. Lithium-ion batteries are used in Tesla vehicles because of high energy density. Converting the chemical energy to free electrons (electrical energy) can be greater than 90% efficient – some energy is lost to heat in cells and other battery pack components such as current conductors and fuses. The remaining components of the Tesla powertrain – the drive inverter and motor – are also extremely efficient. Overall, drive efficiency of the Tesla Roadster is 88% - almost three times more efficient than an internal combustion powered vehicle.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION VEHICLE EFFICIENCY

Chemical energy is stored as gasoline in a conventional car. Combustion is used to convert the chemical energy into thermal energy. Pistons convert the thermal energy to the mechanical work that turns the wheels. The conversion process is, at best, 35% efficient. The majority of the energy stored in the gasoline is lost as heat.

HYBRIDS AND PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLE EFFICIENCY

The energy conversion process in a hybrid is a combination of the process in an internal combustion vehicle and battery electric vehicle. Overall efficiency for a hybrid is a bit higher than a conventional vehicle because it can recapture some road load energy, but is still much lower than an electric vehicle. When Hybrids operate in all-electric mode – overall efficiency can be quite high. However, once the gasoline engine kicks in, the overall powertrain efficiency includes losses due to both the ICE conversion process and the battery. A world of 100% hybrid vehicles is still 100% dependent on oil.

WELL-TO-WHEEL EFFICIENCY

Comparing an example of each technology reveals that Tesla electric technology uses energy most efficiently. As utility companies build more efficient power plants and bring more renewables online, the well-to-station efficiency will significantly increase. In turn, the overall vehicle efficiency increases to levels never to be recognized by internal combustion or hybrid technologies.

Computer Graphics Card

Growing Importance of Selecting the Right Video Card

How do you know about the graphics you are using, I mean its type, capacity, speed, and pretty much everything you do on your laptop from using different models of operating systems — making presentations, designing spreadsheets, browsing the Internet, editing photos and watching movies is becoming increasingly visually intensive. And with proliferation of more small businesses using video to communicate through videoconferencing and video email, such as Dell Video Chat, selecting the right graphics card is becoming more important to your overall mobile experience.

The quality of the graphics you experience is only as good as your video card (also known as a graphics card). Selecting the right graphics solution can make these visually intensive tasks come alive and enable a rich, lifelike and more pleasing experience. Along with the display, the video card affects the number of colors available, contrast, resolution and overall performance of your system.

What is the Difference Between Integrated and Discrete Graphics?

Integrated Graphics: An integrated graphics solution shares the system processor (CPU) and memory resources with other programs. While integrated video cards can process some complex graphics such as 3D images, if the CPU and memory are overloaded or busy processing other information, it can sometimes deliver a less-than-optimal video experience, slowing down the graphics and potentially the overall system.

An integrated graphics solution may be adequate for you if you use your notebook for common business tasks that do not require graphic-intensive applications such as word processing, spreadsheets, basic presentations, email and browsing most Internet sites.

Discrete Graphics: Discrete graphics utilize a graphics processor that is separate (or discrete) from the system processor and a memory unit that is separate from system memory. Because this solution does not burden the CPU and system memory, overall performance is likely to be significantly better when performing tasks that require complex graphics or visually intensive applications.

Typically, discrete solutions are more powerful than integrated solutions and are the preferred type of solution if you use your notebook for visually demanding tasks such as videoconferencing, creating and delivering video/graphics heavy presentations, viewing, creating and editing videos/photos and browsing visually intensive Web sites.